The Manipulation School (Hermans)
The 1985 volume Theo Hermans edited, The Manipulation of Literature, gathered work by Lambert, Lefevere, Toury, Bassnett, and others around one claim: all translation implies a degree of manipulation of the source for a certain purpose.
The shift
Earlier theory treated departures from the source as failures. The Manipulation School treated them as the data. Why did this culture, in this decade, manipulate this kind of text in this direction? The answer revealed the receiving culture's norms.
What this licenses
Once manipulation is the default rather than the exception, the translator's job is to choose which manipulations are warranted by the brief and which would be unprofessional. Framework choice does exactly that. AI pipelines that pretend they merely transfer meaning sidestep the question; honest ones name the manipulation upfront.
Further reading: Toury norms, cultural turn.